@Article{DalLagoVEGGGBSSLS:2004:GrGeSt,
               author = "Dal Lago, Alisson and Vieira, Luiz Eduardo Antunes and Echer, 
                         Ezequiel and Gonzalez Alarcon, Walter Dem{\'e}trio and Gonzalez 
                         Alarcon, Alicia Luisa Clua and Guarnieri, Fernando Luiz and 
                         Balmaceda, Laura A. and Santos, J. and Silva, Marlos Rockenbach da 
                         and Lucas, Aline de and Schuch, Nelson Jorge",
          affiliation = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de Astrof{\'{\i}}sica (INPE.DAS) and 
                         Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and 
                         Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and 
                         Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and 
                         Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de Geofisica Espacial (INPE. DGE) and 
                         Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro Regional Sul de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE. RSU)",
                title = "Great geomagnetic storms in the rise and maximum of solar cycle 
                         23",
              journal = "Brazilian Journal of Physics",
                 year = "2004",
               volume = "34",
               number = "4",
                pages = "1542--1546",
                month = "Dec.",
             keywords = "SPACE GEOPHYSICS, Magnetic storms, Magnetic clouds, 
                         Interplanetary, GEOF{\'{\I}}SICA ESPACIAL, Tempestade 
                         magn{\'e}tica, Nuvens magn{\'e}ticas, Interplanet{\'a}rio.",
             abstract = "Geomagnetic storms are intervals of time when a sufficiently 
                         intense and long-lasting interplanetary convection electric field 
                         leads, through a substantial injection of energy into the 
                         magnetosphere-ionosphere system, to an intensified ring current, 
                         strong enough to exceed some key threshold of the quantifying 
                         storm time Dst index. We have studied all the 9 great magnetic 
                         storms (peak Dst < -200 nT) observed during the rise and maximum 
                         of solar cycle 23 (from 1997 to early 2001), in order to identify 
                         their solar and interplanetary causes. Apart of one storm occurred 
                         during the period without observations from the Solar and 
                         Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), all of them were related to 
                         coronal mass ejections observed by the Large Angle and 
                         Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO). The sources of interplanetary 
                         southward magnetic field, Bs, responsible for the occurrence of 
                         the storms were related to the intensified shock/sheath field, 
                         interplanetary magnetic cloud's field, or the combination of 
                         sheath-cloud or sheath-ejecta field. It called our attention the 
                         fact that one of the events was related to a slow CME, with CME 
                         expansion speed not greater than 550 km/s. The purpose of this 
                         paper is to address the main sources of large geomagnetic 
                         disturbances using the current satellite capability available. As 
                         a general conclusion, we found that shock/sheath compressed fields 
                         are the most important interplanetary causes of great magnetic 
                         storms during this period.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0103-9733",
           targetfile = "great geomagnetic.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}